October Short-Term Energy Outlook

Winter Fuels Outlook

The Energy Information Administration (“EIA”) forecasts that average U.S. household expenditures for all major home heating fuels will increase significantly this winter primarily because of higher expected fuel costs as well as more consumption of energy due to a colder winter. Average increases vary by fuel, region, and weather assumptions. Compared with last winter, EIA forecasts propane expenditures will rise by 54%, heating oil by 43%, natural gas by 30%, and electricity by 6%. EIA expect space heating demand to generally be higher this winter based on forecasts from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) that U.S. average heating degree days will be 3% higher than last winter ( Winter Fuels Outlook ). Altering their assumptions for a 10% colder-than-expected winter significantly increases forecast expenditures, while a 10% warmer-than-expected winter still results in increased expenditures, because of price increases.

October Forecast Highlights

The October Short-Term Energy Outlook (STEO) remains subject to heightened levels of uncertainty related to the ongoing recovery from the COVID-19 pandemic. U.S. economic activity continues to rise after reaching multiyear lows in the second quarter of 2020 (2Q20). U.S. gross domestic product (GDP) declined by 3.4% in 2020 from 2019 levels. This STEO assumes U.S. GDP will grow by 5.7% in 2021 and by 4.5% in 2022. The U.S. macroeconomic assumptions in this outlook are based on forecasts by IHS Markit. Their forecast assumes continuing economic growth and increasing mobility. Any developments that would cause deviations from these assumptions would likely cause energy consumption and prices to deviate from their forecast

Global Liquid Fuel

• Brent crude oil spot prices averaged $74 per barrel (b) in September, up $4/b from August and up $34/b from September 2020. Brent spot prices have risen from their September average to more than $80/b in early October. Oil prices have increased over the past year as result of steady draws on global oil inventories, which averaged 1.9 million barrels per day (b/d) during the first three quarters of 2021. In addition to sustained inventory draws, prices increased after the October 4 announcement by OPEC+ that the group would keep current production targets unchanged.

• EIA expects Brent prices will remain near current levels for the remainder of 2021, averaging $81/b during the fourth quarter of 2021, which is $10/b higher than their previous forecast. The higher forecast reflects their expectation that global oil inventories will fall at a faster rate than EIA had previously expected owing largely to lower global oil supply in late 2021 across a range of producers. In 2022, EIA expects that growth in production from OPEC+, U.S. tight oil, and other non-OPEC countries will outpace slowing growth in global oil consumption and contribute to Brent prices declining from current levels to an annual average of $72/b.

• U.S. regular gasoline retail prices averaged $3.18 per gallon (gal) in September, up 2 cents/gal from August and almost $1/gal higher than in September 2020. Recent gasoline price increases reflect increasing crude oil prices outweighing falling gasoline wholesale margins. EIA forecasts that retail gasoline prices will average $3.21/gal in October before falling to $3.05/gal in December.

• Total U.S. crude oil production averaged 11.3 million b/d in July–the most recent monthly historical data point. EIA estimates that domestic production fell to 10.6 million b/d in September because of disruptions from Hurricane Ida . EIA forecasts production will be 11.0 million b/d in October and rise to 11.3 million b/d in December. EIA forecasts 2021 production will average 11.0 million b/d, increasing to 11.7 million b/d in 2022 as tight oil production rises in the United States. Growth will come as a result of operators increasing rig counts, which EIA expects will offset production decline rates.

Natural Gas

• In September, the natural gas spot price at Henry Hub averaged $5.16 per million British thermal units (MMBtu), which was up from the August average of $4.07/MMBtu and up from an average of $3.25/MMBtu in the first half of 2021. The rising prices in recent months reflect U.S. natural gas inventory levels that are below the five-year average and continuing demand for natural gas for power generation use at relatively high prices.

• EIA expects the Henry Hub spot price will average $5.80/MMBtu in fourth-quarter 2021, which is $1.80/MMBtu higher than EIA forecasts in the September STEO. In the current forecast, Henry Hub prices reach a monthly average peak of $5.90/MMBtu in January and generally decline through 2022, averaging $4.01/MMBtu for the year amid rising U.S. natural gas production and slowing growth in LNG exports. EIA raised their Henry Hub price forecast through the end of 2022 compared with last month. The increase reflects a higher starting point for their price forecast that incorporates recent developments in U.S. and global natural gas markets. EIA forecasts that U.S. inventory draws will be slightly more than the five-year average this winter, and EIA expects that factor, along with rising U.S. natural gas exports and relatively flat production through January will keep U.S. natural gas prices near recent levels before downward pressures emerge. Given low natural gas inventories in both U.S. and European natural gas storage facilities and uncertainty around seasonal demand, EIA expects natural gas prices to remain volatile over the coming months, with winter temperatures being a key driver of demand and prices.

• EIA estimates that U.S. LNG exports averaged 9.3 billion cubic feet per day (Bcf/d) in September 2021, down 4% from August. Despite the recent monthly decline, these were the most U.S. LNG exports for September since the United States began exporting LNG from the Lower 48 states in February 2016. Even though September exports were a record for the month, they were limited by weather conditions, which led to the suspension of piloting services for several days at  Sabine Pass ,  Cameron , and  Corpus Christi . EIA expects that LNG exports will average 9.1 Bcf/d in October and then increase in the coming months. Cove Point LNG terminal is scheduled to complete its annual maintenance by mid-October and resume exports this month. Through this winter, LNG exports in the forecast average 10.7 Bcf/d as global natural gas demand remains high and several new LNG export trains–the sixth train at Sabine Pass LNG and the first trains at the new LNG export facility Calcasieu Pass LNG –enter service.

• EIA estimates that U.S. natural gas inventories ended September 2021 at about 3.3 trillion cubic feet (Tcf), 5% less than the five-year (2016–20) average for this time of year. Injections into storage this summer have been below the previous five-year average , largely as a result of more electricity consumption in June due to hot weather, and increased exports even as domestic natural gas production has remained flat. EIA forecasts that inventories will end the 2021 injection season (at the end of October) at almost 3.6 Tcf, which would be 5% less than the previous five-year average. EIA expects natural gas inventories to fall by 2.1 Tcf this winter, ending March at less than 1.5 Tcf, which would be 12% less than the 2017–21 average for that time of year.

• EIA estimates dry natural gas production averaged 93.3 Bcf/d in the United States during the third quarter of 2021–up from 91.6 Bcf/d in in the first half of 2021. Production in the forecast rises to an average of 94.0 Bcf/d during the winter, and averages 96.4 Bcf/d during 2022, driven by natural gas and crude oil prices, which EIA expects to remain at levels that will support enough drilling to sustain production growth

Electricity, Coal, Renewables, and Emissions

• EIA expects the share of electricity generation produced by natural gas in the United States will average 36% in 2021 and 35% in 2022, down from 39% in 2020. In 2021, their forecast share for natural gas as a generation fuel declines in response to their expectation of a higher delivered natural gas price for electricity generators, which EIA forecasts will average $5.15/MMBtu compared with $2.39/MMBtu in 2020. As a result of the higher expected natural gas prices, the forecast share of electricity generation from coal rises from 20% in 2020 to about 24% in 2021 and 23% in 2022. For renewable energy sources, new additions of solar and wind generating capacity are offset somewhat by reduced generation from hydropower this year, resulting in the forecast share of all renewables in U.S. electricity generation to average 20% in 2021, about the same as last year, before rising to 22% in 2022. The nuclear share of U.S. electricity generation declines from 21% in 2020 to 20% in 2021 and 2022.

• Electricity generation from coal-fired power plants has not increased as much in response to rising natural gas prices as it has in the past, or by as much as their models forecasted in recent STEOs. The lower price responsiveness of coal for electricity generation, which is likely the result of constraints on coal supply and low coal stocks, is contributing to upward pressure on natural gas prices. To reflect the lower price responsiveness of coal-fired electricity generation, EIA has lowered their forecast for U.S. coal generation for the fourth quarter of 2021 and the first half of 2022 by an average of 7 billion kWh (9%) each month, and EIA has raised their forecast for natural gas generation 5 billion kWh (5%) each month.

• EIA forecasts that planned additions to U.S. wind and solar capacity in 2021 and 2022 will increase electricity generation from those sources. EIA estimates that the U.S. electric power sector added 14.6 gigawatts (GW) of new wind capacity in 2020 . EIA expects 17.1 GW of new wind capacity will come online in 2021 and 6.5 GW in 2022. Utility-scale solar capacity rose by an estimated 10.5 GW in 2020. Their forecast for added utility-scale solar capacity is 16.0 GW for 2021 and 18.3 GW for 2022. EIA expects significant  solar capacity additions in Texas  during the forecast period. In addition, EIA projects that after increasing by 4.5 GW in 2020, small-scale solar capacity (systems less than 1 megawatt) will grow 5.8 GW and 7.8 GW in 2021 and 2022, respectively.

• Coal production in their forecast totals 588 million short tons (MMst) in 2021, 53 MMst more than in 2020. EIA expects demand for coal from the electric power sector to increase by 84 MMst in 2021. Production growth is unlikely to match the increases in demand in the near term due to many coal mines operating at a reduced capacity and limited available transportation. In 2022, EIA expects coal production to increase by 34 MMst to 622 MMst, as the production and transportation constraints experienced in 2021 ease. Secondary inventories of coal at electric utilities decreased in the first half of 2021, and EIA forecasts this trend will continue into the second half of 2021 and 2022.

• EIA estimates that U.S. energy-related carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions decreased by 11% in 2020  as a result of less energy consumption related to reduced economic activity and responses to COVID-19. For 2021, EIA forecasts energy-related CO2 emissions will increase about 8% from the 2020 level as economic activity increases and leads to rising energy use. EIA expects almost no change in energy-related CO2 emissions in 2022. EIA forecasts that after declining by 19% in 2020, coal-related CO2 emissions will rise by 20% in 2021 and then fall by 5% in 2022. Short-term changes in energy-related CO2 can be affected by temperature. A recent  STEO supplement  examines these dynamics.

The comprehensive report is available at www.eia.gov/outlooks/steo .